Accueil > Les Activités > Results & OutcomesField Research in Tghassrout,

Results & OutcomesField Research in Tghassrout,

jeudi 19 mai 2016, par Najib Bachiri

Results & Outcomes

Field Research in Tghassrout, Tagma, and Bini Bouala for the Solar Cooking Project

Report by Noor van der Vorst
Interviews by Noor van der Vorst, University of Applied Sciences Van Hall-Larenstein,
Rajae Gaamouche, University of Oujda

29th of June 2015

Partners
– Association Homme et Environnement, Berkane
– University of Oujda, renewable energies department
– University of Delft, The Netherlands
Introduction
This report has been written in response to field research that has been carried out. The field research covered the topic of cooking habits and fuel supplies of rural households in several small villages in the Beni Snassen mountains, North East of Morocco.
These interviews will form the basis and preliminary source of information for a proposed project on solar cooking in the rural areas. This project takes in place in collaboration between Association Homme et Environnement, the renewable energies department of the University of Oujda, and the technical University of Delft in the Netherlands.
In case the filled in questionnaires should be consulted, one can contact Association Homme et Environnement in Berkane.
Research Objective
The objective of the field research was to get a good overview of the cooking habits and methods of households in the rural areas of Morocco. Additionally, to obtain knowledge on which energy sources are commonly used, where those energy sources are collected, the costs and duration of those sources, etcetera. To view the complete questionnaire, one can find this in the annex of the report.
Main Objective
To get an overview of the cooking habits and methods, energy sources, methods of collection of the energy sources, and the general design of the houses in the rural areas.
Additionally, the field research has been carried out to measure the interest and acquaintance of the rural families in solar energy and applying it to cooking.
Research Methodology
In consultance with the university of Delft, the Netherlands, a questionnaire has been drawn up according to the technical and social information the team needs in order to start the solar cooking project.
Before visiting the selected locations, a contact person had been consulted to arrange a small meeting within one house of the village. Thus, all interviewees have been together and interviewed at the same time ; the Focus Group Interview method.
Location
The following villages have been selected to interview rural households ;
– Tghassrout
– Tagma
– Bini Bouala

Coverage
The interviewees have been selected randomly, although only female members of the households have been consulted. The reason fort his matter is due to the fact that personal relations had already established with the women of the villages. But more importantly because it is the domain of the women ; cooking, fuel, collecting of wood, etcetera. They are the experts and have all the knowledge.
The following number of women, representing their households, have been interviewed in the villages ;
– Tghassrout  5 women
– Tagma  14 women
– Bini Bouala  10 women

Research Results
Under this heading, the results of the questionnaire will be presented per question and grouped per village.
Tghassrout
1. How many people does the family consist of ?
The average household size is 7 people.
2. How many women, men, boys and girls ?
Average amount of women per household ; 3
Average amount of men per household ; 2
Average amount of boys per household ; 1
Average amount of girls per household ; 1

3. Do they ever had/have problems regarding insufficient fuel for cooking ?
All interviewees indicated to have sufficient access to fuel for cooking (gas and wood) but mentioned the big effort to gather wood and collect gas bottles as a problem.

4. Where does the family get the food supplies ?
All families get their food supplies from the souk in Berkane, and half of the interviewees indicated that they have an own vegetable garden.

5. How does the household get hot water supplies ?
All the interviewees indicated that they heat water on wood fire, to use it for a shower or washing their clothes.

6. Did they ever hear before about solar energy, and that you can cook on it ? What do they think about it ?

All interviewees indicated never to have heard about solar energy or solar cooking. They did say to be very interested in the idea of solar cooking.

7. Who prepares the meals in the household ?
The women always prepare the meals.

8. At what time do they usually get up, go to sleep ?
Everyone says to wake up around 5/6 o’clock in the morning.
Everyone says to go to sleep around 9/10 o’clock in the morning.

9. What is usually prepared for breakfast, tea time, lunch, and dinner ? Which energy sources are used for this ?
Breakfast ; all interviewees indicated to have coffee, tea, bread, honey, jam, olive oil, and butter for breakfast. The drinks prepared on gas, the bread in the wood oven.

Tea time ; this is usually similar to breakfast

Lunch ; All interviewees said to prepare vegetables in the pressure pan, on a gas bottle.

Dinner ; All interviewees said to prepare soup, couscous, vegetables, and meat, on a gas bottle.

10. What are the most important meals ?
This question always got the same answer as question number 8, and is therefore not included.

11. What are the most important ingredients that are cooked with ?
All interviewees indicated ; sugar, flour, oil, vegetables, beans, potatoes, and water.

12. What kind of oven is used to cook ?
4 out of 5 households have a traditional oven on wood to prepare bread.
4 out of 5 households have a modern oven on gas bottles.
1 household only had traditional oven and an open fire place.
1 household only had modern heating supplies.

13. What are the amounts of cooking time ?
Gas ; 20-25 minutes for a pressure pan
Fire ; 1-1,5 hours for a pressure pan

14. How many pots/pans are required to cook a meal ?
3 out of 5 women indicated to use only 1 pressure pan for a meal.
2 out of 5 women indicated to use 2 pressure pans for a meal, these households consists of 10 people.

15. How many liters do the pans contain that are used to cook ?
4 out of 5 women indicate to have a pressure pan of 8 liters.
3 out of 5 women indicate to have a pressure pan of 4 liters.
The average amount of pans per household is 2.

16. What times are warm meals cooked ?
All interviewees indicated to prepare warm meals in the afternoon and evening.
Lunch ; around 12 o’ clock
Dinner ; around 8 o’clock

17. Which energy sources are currently used ?
All interviewees indicated to use wood and gas for cooking and heating water. Households that are more poor, only use wood as an energy source. An additonal option for the household is the use of charcoal, but this is used very sporadically because of the high cost.

18. How much does this energy source cost the family per month ?
1 big bottle of gas costs 40 dH.
2 out of 5 households use 2 bottles per month  80 dH
2 out of 5 households use 1 bottle per month  40 dH
1 out of 5 households use 3 bottles per month  120 dH (this household only has modern heating supplies)

19. How long does a big bottle of gas last ? How many do they use per month ?
On average one household uses 1,7 bottle of gas per month.
The duration of one bottle differs, but usually half a month or 1 month.

20. Where do they get their sources of energy ? How do they transport it ?
Tghassrout has a little shop, where the bottles of gas are collected. Wood is gathered in the surroundings, sometimes the women have to walk far fort hat. The distance from home to the little shop and back depends on where the women live. The means they use for transport is by hand, bu donkey, or by car.

21. How much time does it consume to gather wood ?
2 out of 5 women only gather wood in thei garden, don’t have to go out.
3 out of 5 women have to go out to gather wood and take on average 2,5 hours.

22. Is there always enough wood available ?
All interviewees indicate that there is always enough wood available.

23. Are there alternative optins of fuel ?
All interviewees indicated charcoal, but this is very rarely used.
Facts
– 5 out of 5 women have electricity in their house
– 4 out f 5 women have a fridge in their house
– 5 out of 5 women have running water in their house
– 5 out of 5 women have a table for preparation inside their house
– 5 out of 5 women cook inside, and bake bread outside
– 5 out of 5 women have space for the Fortune Cooker outside
– 4 out 5 women have space for the Fortune Cooker inside
– 3 out of 5 women indicate that it is difficult to move heavy things from inside to outside in their house.

Tagma
1. How many people does the family consist of ?
The average size of the household is 4 people.
2. How many women, men, girls and boys ?
Average amount of women per household ; 2
Average amount of men per household ; 1
Average amount of boys per household ; 0,6
Average amount of girls per household ; 0,4

3. Do they ever had/have problems regarding insufficient fuel for cooking ?
All interviewees indicated that they had troubles getting the gas bottles from the nearby village ; Tafoughalt.

4. Where does the family get the food supplies ?
All interviewees indicated that they get their food supplies from the souk in Berkane, and their gardens in the village.

5. How does the household get hot water supplies ?
All interviewees indicated that they use wood to heat their water for showers and washing clothes. Only sometimes gas is used, because its expensive and hard to get.

6. Did they ever hear before about solar energy, and that you can cook on it ? What do they think about it ?
None of the interviewees ever heard about solar energy and that you can cook with it. Though they are interested in it.

7. At what time do they get up in the morning, go to sleep at night ?
All interviewees indicated to wake up at 5/6 o’clock in the morning, and go to sleep around 9/10 at night.

8. Who prepares the meals in the household ?
The women always prepare the meals.

9. What time do they get up in the morning, go to sleep at night ?
All interviewees say to wake up around 5/6 o’clock in the morning.
All interviewees say to go to sleep around 9/10 o’clock at night.

10. What is usually prepared for breakfast, tea time, lunch, and dinner ? Which energy sources are used for this ?

Breakfast ; all interviewees indicated to have coffee, tea, bread, honey, jam, olive oil, and butter for breakfast. The drinks prepared on gas, the bread in the wood oven.

Tea time ; this is usually similar to breakfast

Lunch ; All interviewees said to prepare vegetables in the pressure pan, on a gas bottle.

Dinner ; All interviewees said to prepare soup, couscous, vegetables, and meat, on a gas bottle.

11. What are the most important meals ?
This question always got the same answer as question number 8, and is therefore not included.

12. What are the most important ingredients that are cooked with ?
All interviewees indicated ; sugar, flour, oil, vegetables, beans, potatoes, and water.

13. What kind of oven is used to cook ?
12 out of 14 households have a traditional wood oven
7 out of 14 households have a modern gas oven
7 out of 14 only have traditional heating supplies

14. What are the amounts of cooking time ?
Gas ; 20-25 minutes for a pressure pan
Fire ; 1-1,5 hours for a pressure pan

15. How many pots/pans are required to cook a meal ?
All women indicate to use only one pressure pan to cook a meal.

16. How many liters do the pans contain that are used to cook ?
2 out of 14 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 2 liters
5 out of 14 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 5 liters
1 out of 14 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 7 liters
5 out of 14 women indicate to use pressure pan of 8 liters

17. What times are warm meals cooked ?
All interviewees indicated to prepare warm meals in the afternoon and evening.
Lunch ; around 12 o’ clock
Dinner ; around 8 o’clock

18. Which energy sources are currently used ?
All interviewees indicate to use wood and gas to cook. Only sometimes is charcoal used, because of the price.

19. How much does this energy source cost the family per month ?
1 big bottle of gas costs 50 dH.
1 small bottle of gas costs 12 dH
7 out of 14 people uses 1 bottle per month  50 dH
2 out of 14 people uses 2 bottles per month  100 dH
3 out of 14 people uses 1 little bottle per month  12 dH
1 out of 14 people uses 5 little bottles per month  60 dH

20. How long does a big bottle of gas last ? How many do they use per month ?
The duration of a bottle differs, but usually half or 1 month.

21. Where do they get their sources of energy ? How do they transport it ?
All the interviewees get their gas bottles from the neaby village Tafoughalt. It is transported by car. Wood is gathered in the village.

22. How much time does it consume to gather wood ?
Wood gathering takes around 2-3 hours a few times a week. One wood package weighs around 25/30 kilos.

23. Is there always enough wood available ?
All interviewees indicate that there is always enough wood available.

24. Are there alternative optins of fuel ?
All interviewees indicated charcoal, but this is very rarely used.
Facts
– 9 out of 14 women have electricity in their house, 5 women not
– 9 out f 14 women have a fridge in their house
– None of the women have running water in their house
– 3 out of 14 women have a table for preparation inside their house
– All women cook inside, and bake bread outside
– All women have space for the Fortune Cooker outside
– 8 out 14 women have space for the Fortune Cooker inside
– 7 out of 14 women indicate that it is difficult to move heavy things from inside to outside in their house
Bini Bouala
1. How many people does the family consist of ?
The average size of the household is 5 people.
2. How many women, men, girls and boys ?
Average amount of women per household ; 1
Average amount of men per household ; 1
Average amount of boys per household ; 2
Average amount of girls per household ; 2

3. Do they ever had/have problems regarding insufficient fuel for cooking ?
All interviewees indicated that they had troubles with transporting the gas bottles from the most nearby village ; Tafoughalt. Also, the women indicated the problems with wood gathering, the amount of time it takes, the drying of the wood in wet periods, etcetera.

4. Where does the family get the food supplies ?
All interviewees indicated that they get their food supplies from the souk in Berkane, and the souk in Tafoughalt.

5. How does the household get hot water supplies ?
All interviewees indicated that they use wood to heat their water for showers and washing clothes.

7. At what time do they get up in the morning, go to sleep in the night ?
All the interviewees indicated to get up around 5 o’clock, and go to sleep around 10/11 at night.

8. Who prepares the meals in the household ?
The women always prepare the meals.

9. What is usually prepared for breakfast, tea time, lunch, and dinner ? Which energy sources are used for this ?

Breakfast ; all interviewees indicated to have coffee, tea, bread, honey, jam, olive oil, and butter for breakfast. The drinks prepared on gas, the bread in the wood oven.

Tea time ; this is usually similar to breakfast

Lunch ; All interviewees said to prepare vegetables in the pressure pan, on a gas bottle.

Dinner ; All interviewees said to prepare soup, couscous, vegetables, and meat, on a gas bottle.

10. What are the most important meals ?
This question always got the same answer as the previous question, and is therefore not included.

11. What are the most important ingredients that are cooked with ?
All interviewees indicated ; sugar, flour, oil, vegetables, beans, potatoes, lentils, chickpeas and water.

12. What kind of oven is used to cook ?
9 out of 10 households have a traditional wood oven
1 out of 10 households have a modern gas oven

13. What are the amounts of cooking time ?
Gas ; 20-25 minutes for a pressure pan
Fire ; 1-3 hours for a pressure pan, depending on the ingredients (meat takes more time)

14. How many pots/pans are required to cook a meal ?
All women indicate to use only one pressure pan to cook a meal.

15. How many liters do the pans contain that are used to cook ?
6 out of 10 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 5 liters
2 out of 10 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 7 liters
2 out of 10 women indicate to use a pressure pan of 8 liters
1 out of 10 women indicate to use pressure pan of 10 liters

16. What times are warm meals cooked ?
All interviewees indicated to prepare warm meals in the afternoon and evening.
Lunch ; around 12 o’ clock
Dinner ; around 8 o’clock

17. Which energy sources are currently used ?
All interviewees indicate to use wood and gas to cook. It is important to note that some people in this village do not have electricity.

18. How much does this energy source cost the family per month ?
1 big bottle of gas costs 50 dH.
1 small bottle of gas costs 12 dH
1 out of 10 people uses 0,5 bottle per month  25 dH
2 out of 10 people uses 1 bottles per month  50 dH
3 out of 10 people uses 2 bottles per month  100 dH
1 out of 10 people uses 3 bottles per month  150 dH
1 out of 10 people uses 1 little bottle per month  12 dH
2 out of 10 people never uses gas bottles, only wood

19. How long does a big bottle of gas last ? How many do they use per month ?
The duration of a bottle differs, but usually 1 month or 1,5 month.

20. Where do they get their sources of energy ? How do they transport it ?
All the interviewees get their gas bottles from the neaby village Tafoughalt or the bigger city Berkane. It is transported by car. Wood is gathered in the village.

21. How much time does it consume to gather wood ?
Wood gathering takes around 2-3 hours a few times a week. The interviewees indicate that one wood package weighs around 50 kilos.

22. Is there always enough wood available ?
All interviewees indicate that there is always enough wood available.

23. Are there alternative options of fuel ?
The interviewees did not indicate charcoal as an optional source of energy.
Facts
– 8 out of 10 women have electricity in their house, 2 women not
– 8 out f 10 women have a fridge in their house
– 9 out of 10 women have running water in their homes.
– All women have a table for preparation inside their house
– All women cook inside, and bake bread outside
– All women have space for the Fortune Cooker outside
– All women have space for the Fortune Cooker inside
– 1 out of 10 women indicate that it is difficult to move heavy things from inside to outside in their house

Annex
The Questionnaire
Thank you for welcoming us into your house. We are here today to ask some questions about the way you cook, what you usually cook, what kind of fuel you use, etcetera. This because Association Homme et Environnement and a Dutch university are building tajines that can be heated with the energy of the sun. This is why we need the information, and we would be happy if you could share this with us.
Introduction
1. How many people does the family consist of ?
2. How many women, men, boys and girls ?
3. Do they ever had/have problems regarding insufficient fuel for cooking or food supplies ?
4. Where does the family get the food supplies ? E.g. own garden, closest village or town
5. Does the household have hot water supplies ? How do they heat water ?
6. Did they ever hear before about solar energy, and that you can cook on it ? What do they think about this ?

The Meals

7. Who prepares the meals usually ?
8. Breakfast : what is prepared and which energy sources ?
Tea time : what is prepared and which energy sources ?
Lunch : what is prepared and which energy sources ?
Dinner : what is prepared and which energy sources ?
9. What are the most important (most frequently prepared) meals ?
10. What are the recipes (ingredients, preparation) ?
11. What kind of stove or oven is/are used to cook ?
12. What are the amounts of cooking time ?
13. How many pots/pans are required to cook a meal ?
14. How many liters contain the pans you use for cooking ?
15. What times are warm meals cooked ?

Energy Sources
16. Which energy sources are currently used ? E.g. electricity, gas, oil, wood, charcoal
17. How much does this energy source cost the family per month ?
18. How long does a big bottle of gas last ? How many do they use per month ?
19. Where do they get their sources of energy ? If distances are long, how do they transport it ? E.g. gathering wood, buying in the city
20. How much time does it consume to gather the wood ? Is it considered as a lot, a burden ?
21. Is there always enough wood available ? Do they encounter problems with wood and water supplies ?
22. What alternative options are available ?

For Observation

Do they have access to electricity in their house ?

Food storage and preparation
Does the family have :
– a fridge
– tap water

Table for preparation : inside or outside ?
Cooking : inside or outside ?

Home layout
Is there a space to put the Fortune Cooker (approx. W 40 x L 60 x H 80 cm)
– outside in the sun ?
– in the home ?
– Is it possible to move the Fortune Cooker easily from inside to outside ? No steps, other restrictions ?

Information on Electricity Supply Households
Tghassrout

Name No. Of lightbulbs Television Fridge Consumption
Jamillah Acherki 7 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 3 months
Fatima Farchech 6 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 2,5 months
Rachida Hosseini 4 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 3 months
Rabha Moufak 9 Yes, 3 Yes, 2 300 dH per 2 months
Nachida Rorafi 9 Yes, 1 Yes, 2 200 dH per 3 months

Remarks :
• Nachida Rorafi had already access to solar panels in her house, for electricity. At that time they only had 6 lightbulbs. But when her household got the card for electricity, she abandonned the solar panels.
• Jamillah Acherki also had solar energy panels before, and abandonned them when they got the electricity card. At this time they had 4 lightbulbs, a fridge.
Tagma

Name No. Of lightbulbs Television Fridge Consumption
Turia Hbib 4 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 500 dH per 4 months
Heda Jlilo No electricity / / /
Fatiha Boujmaoia 4 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 150 dH per month (directly connected to grid)
Soumia Yakoubi 6 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 2 months
Dounia Hbib 6 No Yes, 1 150 dH per 3 months
Salima Yakoubi 6 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 3,5 months
Halima Mchal No electricity / / /
Zohra Kada 8 Yes, 2 Yes, 2 200/250 dH per month (directly connected to grid)
Karima Mozouri 8 Yes, 2 Yes, 1 130/150 dH per month (directly connected to grid)
Naima Boujmaoia No electricity / / /
Charifa Sadki No electricity / / /

Bini Bouala
Name No. Of lightbulbs Television Fridge Consumption
Aicha Ahrab 9 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 100 dH per month
Jamillah Hida No electricity / / /
Rahima Ahrab 11 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 1,5 month
Louiza Rachdi 8 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 100 dH per month
Jodia Hdraoui 11 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 100 dH per month
Yamina Margom 6 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 150 dH per 1,5 month
Chafia Mokhtari 5 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 100 dH per month
Wahiba Serhousni 14 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 200 dH per 3 months
Yanna Bouezaoui 10 Yes, 1 Yes, 1 100 dH per 1,5 month

Remarks :
Wahiba Serhousni has a solar panel in her house. Before the family got the electricity card, they had 6 lightbulbs.
Sbai Boujma lives alone in the village. His parents died, and sisters and brothers left. He has water, electricity, and gas supplies. He uses the traditional wood oven too. It is very exceptional that he as a man cooks, makes bread, etcetera. He is 50 years old.

Illustrating Photo’s